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Clove essential oil is a volatile oil extracted through steam distillation from the flower buds of the clove tree (Syzygium aromaticum), known for its rich aroma and multiple potential pharmacological effects. Its therapeutic benefits primarily stem from the active compound eugenol (comprising 70-90% of its content), along with other components like β-caryophyllene and eugenyl acetate. Below are its key therapeutic uses and precautions:
1. Key Therapeutic Benefits
- Antibacterial & Antifungal: Inhibits pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, and Candida albicans, making it useful for supporting skin or oral infections (e.g., periodontitis, mouth ulcers). Studies suggest eugenol disrupts microbial cell membranes, hindering their growth.
- Pain Relief & Anti-inflammatory: Traditionally used for temporary toothache relief (apply diluted to the affected area with caution to avoid mucosal irritation). Its anti-inflammatory effects may work via COX-2 pathway inhibition, offering relief for arthritis or muscle soreness.
- Antioxidant: Eugenol exhibits strong antioxidant properties, potentially reducing free radical damage and slowing cellular aging.
- Digestive Support: Small, diluted doses may ease bloating, nausea, and promote digestion (high concentrations can irritate the digestive tract).
- Insect Repellent & Preservative: Acts as a natural insect deterrent (e.g., mosquitoes, ants) and was historically used for embalming or wound disinfection.
- Respiratory Relief: Inhaling steam with 1-2 drops in hot water may alleviate colds or congestion, though large-scale clinical evidence is lacking.
2. Usage & Precautions
- Dilution Required: For topical use, dilute to 1-2% in a carrier oil (e.g., coconut, jojoba oil; 1-2 drops per 10ml). For oral use: Add 1 drop to 100ml water as a mouth rinse (do not swallow), or opt for dental products containing eugenol.
- Contraindications & Risks: Avoid during pregnancy, for infants, or in epilepsy (may trigger uterine contractions or nervous system stimulation). Patch test: Apply a small amount to the inner wrist and monitor for 24 hours before first use. Mucosal irritation: Direct contact may cause burns; avoid broken skin.
- Avoid Ingestion: Oral use without professional guidance may harm the liver or digestive tract (eugenol overdose is hepatotoxic).
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